User:LMischler/AllGalleries

Fig. B16 – Breathing transformer protected by buchholz

• 

  [a] Functioning principle

• 

  [b] Transformer with conservator

Fig. B18 – DGPT (Detection of Gas, Pressure and Temperature) protection relay for integral filled transformers

• 

  [a] Transformer protection relay (DGPT)

• 

  [b] Contacts of the DGPT (cover removed)

Fig. B23 – Examples of self powered relays (Schneider Electric)

• 

  [a] VIP 40 for basic transformer protection

• 

  [b] VIP 400 series self powered IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time) overcurrent and earth-fault relay

Fig. B28 – Example of functional unit architecture with compartments, favoring service continuity

• 
• 

Fig. B30 – Example of MV/LV interlocking system (per-row:2)

• 

  Initial configuration: LV Switchboard energized. MV Load break switch closed. LV circuit breaker closed. Earthing switch open and locked in open position. Key O trapped. Key S trapped.

• 

  Step 1: Load break switch closed. LV circuit breaker open and locked. Earthing switch open, locked in open position. Key O free, Key S trapped.

• 

  Step 2: Load break switch open, LV circuit breaker open and locked in open position. Earthing switch unlocked, Key O trapped, Key S trapped.

• 

  Step 3: Load break switch open, LV circuit breaker open and locked in open position. Earthing switch closed and locked, Key O trapped, Key S free.

• 

  Step 4: Load break switch open, LV circuit breaker open and locked in open position. Earthing switch closed and locked, door of transformer cubicle open, Key O trapped, Key S trapped.

• 

  Legend

Fig. B44 – Ventilation opening locations (per-row:1)

• 
• 

Fig. B52 – Two examples of outdoor substations

• 

  [a] Ground level walk-in type

• 

  [b] Half buried non walk-in type

Fig. C2 – Associated circuit diagrams

• 

  [a] Three-phase star; Four-wire: Earthed neutral

• 

  [b] Three-phase star: Three-wire

• 

  [c] Three-phase star; Three-wire:Earthed neutral

• 

  [d] Three-phase star; Four-wire:Non-earthed neutral

• 

  [e] Two-phase star;Three-wire: Earthed neutral

• 

  [f] Three-phase delta: Three-wire

• 

  [g] Three-phase delta; Four-wire: Earthed mid point of one phase

• 

  [h] Three-phase open delta; Four-wire: Earthed mid point of one phase

• 

  [i] Three-phase open delta: Earthed junction of phases

• 

  [j] Single-phase; Three-wire: Earthed mid point

• 

  [k] Single-phase; Two-wire: Earthed end of phase

• 

  [l] Single-phase; Two-wire Unearthed

• 

  [m] Single-wire: Earthed return (swer)

• 

  [n] DC: Three-wire: Unearthed

Fig. E26 – Measurement of the resistance to the mass of earth of electrode (X) using an earth-electrode-testing ohmmeter

• 

  [a] the principle of measurement is based on assumed homogeneous soil conditions. Where the zones of influence of electrodes C and X overlap, the location of test electrode P is difficult to determine for satisfactory results.

• 

  [b] showing the effect on the potential gradient when (X) and (C) are widely spaced. The location of test electrode P is not critical and can be easily determined.

Fig. E27 – Examples of main LV switchboard and motor control centre

• 

  [a] Main LV switchboard - MLVS - (Prisma P) with incoming circuits in the form of busways

• 

  [b] MLVS + motor control centre - MCC - (Okken)

Fig. E29 – Final distribution switchboards

• 

  [a] Resi9

• 

  [b] Kaedra

• 

  [c] Prisma Pack 160

Fig. E53 – Examples of applications where the level of harmonics (THD) is either negligible or high, depending on the proportion of loads generating harmonics versus classical loads

• 

  Workshops supply:
  * Mix polluting charges (computer hardware, inverters, fluorescent lighting) and clean charges (motors, pumps, heaters, etc.).
  * Low probability of harmonic's presence THD < 33 %

• 

  Offices supply:
  * A lot of polluting charges (computer hardware, inverters, fluorescent lighting, etc.).
  * High probability of harmonic's presence THD ≥ 33 %

Fig. E64 – Coherent system approach for all components of the electrical installation

• 
• 

Fig. F10 – Circuit supplying socket-outlets

• 

  [a] TT or TN system

• 

  [b] IT system

Fig. F47 – The 2 technologies of RCDs

• 

  [a] Voltage Independent (VI) technology Electronic circuit not connected to the network

• 

  [b] Voltage Dependent (VD) technology Electronic circuit connected to the network

Fig. F48 – Industrial-type CB with RCD module

• 

  [a] Industrial type circuit breaker with integrated RCD function

• 

  [b] Acti 9 DIN-rail industrial Circuit breaker ...

• 

  [c] ... with adaptable Vigi RCD module

Fig. F49 – Domestic residual current circuit breakers (RCCBs) for earth leakage protection

• 

  [a] The incoming-supply circuit breaker can also have time-delayed characteristics and integrate a RCD (type S)

• 

  [b] “Monobloc” iID residual current circuit breakers intended for protection of terminal socket-outlet circuits in domestic and tertiary sector applications

Fig. F50 – RCDs with separate toroidal current transformers (Vigirex)

• 
• 

Fig. F78 – Different types of ground fault prodections

• 

  RS system

• 

  SGR system

• 

  ZS system

Fig. F86 – Situation increasing risks of fire (per-row:4)

• 

  Power supply cord subjected to excessive forces (by furniture or a position)

• 

  Power supply cord defective following inappropriate or excessively numerous operations

• 

  Cable weakened at connection

• 

  Accidental damage to a cable

• 

  Power sockets in poor condition

• 

  Ageing of cable protective devices

• 

  Loose connections

• 

  Cables damaged by their environment: UV, vibrations, moisture, rodents.

Fig. G7 – Location of protective devices

• 

  [a]

• 

  [b]

• 

  [c]

Fig. H16 – Symbol for a non-automatic switch-fuse

• 
• 

Fig. H26 – Example of air circuit-breakers. Masterpact provides many control features in its “Micrologic” tripping unit

• 
• 

Fig. H36 – Performance curves of a typical LV current-limiting circuit-breaker

• 

  [a]

• 

  [b]

Fig. H52 – Current based selectivity, Time based selectivity, Combination of both

• 

  [a]

• 

  [b]

• 

  [c]

Fig. J34 – SCPD "in parallel"

• 
• 

Fig. J35 – SPDs with external SCPD, non-integrated (iC60N + iPRD 40r) and integrated (iQuick PRD 40r)

• 
• 

Fig. J41 – Examples of good and bad SPD installations

• 

  Example 1: Equipment installation design should be done in accordance to installation rules: cables length shall be less than 50 cm.

• 

  Exemple 2 : Positioning of devices should be linked to installation rules: reduce length of cables < 50 cm and keep the loop area rule of reducing impact of magnetic fields created by lightning current.

Fig. J42 – SPD with separate or integrated external SCPD

• 
• 

Fig. J52 – The Schneider Electric brand iPRD SPD incorporates a gas discharge tube between neutral and earth and varistors between phase and neutral

• 
• 

Fig. K18 – Motor starter examples: TeSys D Direct on line contactors, Star Delta starter, Altistart softstarter (Schneider Electric)

• 

  LC1 D65A••

• 

  LC3 D32A••

• 

  ATS48••

Fig. K19 – Variable Speed Drives of various power ratings (Altivar range, Schneider Electric)

• 

  Altivar 12 (≤ 4 kW )

• 

  Altivar 212 (≤ 75 kW)

• 

  Altivar 71 (≤ 630 kW)

Fig. K22 – A selection of lighting control devices: timers, light sensors, movement sensors (per-row:3)

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

Fig. L9 – Showing the essential features of power-factor correction

• 

  [a] Reactive current components only flow pattern

• 

  [b] When I_C = I_L, all reactive power is supplied from the capacitor bank

• 

  [c] With load current added to case (b)

Fig. M9 – Harmonic spectrum for a rectangular signal U(t)

• 
• 

Fig. M13 – Example of electronic trip units of circuit-breakers providing harmonic related information

• 
• 
• 

Fig. N39 – Compact fluorescent lamps

• 

  [a] standard

• 

  [b] induction

Fig. N47 – Coordination between circuit breaker and luminaires LED (per-row:2)

• 

  [a] Rating 10 A

• 

  [b] Rating 16 A

• 

  [c] Rating 20 A

• 

Fig. N57 – Shape of the voltage supplied by a light dimmer at 50% of maximum voltage with the following techniques:

• 

  [a] cut-on control

• 

  [b] cut-off control

Fig. N61 – Power supply voltage at switch-on and inrush current (per-row:1)

• 
• 

Fig. N68 – Examples of control devices (Schneider Electric brand)

• 

  [a] “zero crossing” contactor iCT+

• 

  [b] “standard” contactor iCT

• 

  [c] impulse relay iTL

• 

  [d] remote controlled MCB

Fig. N81 – The various functions and their combinations forming a motor starter

• 
• 
• 

Fig. P26 – A photovoltaic system can be connected directly to the electrical distribution network (left) or connected to the building electrical installation and used for self-consumption (right).

• 

  Solar production exported to the grid

• 

  Solar production used for self-consumption

Fig. P37 – Illustration of the current value significant differences between the different operating modes. Example of installation with storage integration

• 

  Storage in stand-by

• 

  Storage charging

• 

  Storage discharging

Fig. P46 – Recommended connection of single-phase photovoltaic inverters in a three-phase electrical installation to avoid unbalance

• 
• 

Fig. P48 – Example of electrical installation

• 

  without solar production

• 

  with solar production providing active power only (by default)

• 

  with solar system with an appropriate set point value of the solar inverters to avoid power factor penalties

Fig. Q5 – Examples of incoming-supply circuit breakers or switch from different countries

• 

  [a] France (CB)

• 

  [b] UK (switch-disconnector)

Fig. S3 – Examples of products compliant with IEC 61557-12, for Energy Efficiency

• 

  Acti9 iEM2000 series energy meters Schneider Electric

• 

  Acti9 iEM3000 series energy meters Schneider Electric

Fig. S7 – Examples of products compliant with IEC 61557-12, for Electrical Distribution Monitoring

• 

  Compact NSX circuit breaker equipped with a Micrologic trip unit, Schneider Electric

• 

  Masterpact MTZ circuit breaker equipped with a Micrologic trip unit, Schneider Electric

• 

  PowerLogic PM5000 series power meters, Schneider Electric

• 

  PowerLogic PM8000 series power meters, Schneider Electric

Fig. S9 – Examples of products compliant with IEC 61000-4-30 for Grid Power Quality

• 

  PowerLogic ION9000
  Power Quality Instrument class A (PQI-A)
  compliant with IEC 62586-1
  Schneider Electric

• 

  PowerLogic ION7550/ION7650
  Power Quality Device
  Schneider Electric

• 

  PowerLogic ION8800
  Power Quality Device
  Schneider Electric

• 

  PowerLogic ION8650
  Power Quality Device
  Schneider Electric

Fig. EV20 – Examples of charging stations

• 

  Wall mounted

• 

  Floor standing